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In this post on A Brief Tutorial on NumPy in Python, I will explain different features of the NumPy package in Python. Basically, this library serves the purpose of manipulating arrays. In fact, Python already has a list data structure for creating arrays. However, NumPy is much faster than lists. Also, displaying an array is straightforward with NumPy in comparison to lists. Although NumPy library is a vast library comprising of lots of functions, I will cover only a few most useful functions in this article. In fact, we use these functions frequently in data analysis
What is the Purpose of NumPy?
To begin with, let us first understand why this library is so useful. Basically, the NumPy library serves the purpose of Numerical and Scientific Computing in Python. In particular, we use arrays with NumPy. Hence, we use the functions of this library for displaying, searching, sorting, and filtering array elements. Let us discuss some examples of all of these features.
Creating and Displaying Arrays
The following example creates a one-dimension, a two-dimensional, and a three-dimensional array and prints its elements. It must be noted that no for loop is required to print the array.
Example of Creating Arrays Using NumPy
In the following example, we create some arrays of the different number of dimensions and just print them. It is important to note that, we use square bracket notation for creating arrays. Also, we print the version of the NumPy package using the __version__ attribute.
import numpy as np
print("Current Version of NumPy: " + str(np.__version__))
myarr=np.array([1,2,3,4,5])
print("Type of Array: " + str(type(myarr)))
m1=np.array([[1,2,3], [4,5,6], [7,8,9]])
m2=np.array([[[1,2], [3,4], [5,6]], [[7,8], [9,10], [11, 12]]])
#Printing 1D Array
print("1D Array...")
print(myarr)
#Printing 1D Array
print("n2D Array...")
print(m1)
#Printing 1D Array
print("n3D Array...")
print(m2)
Output
Slicing
Let us discuss the operation of slicing with arrays. Basically, slicing is an operation to retrieve the part of an array. Also, we can slice an array of any dimension. Note the syntax of slicing as given below.
array2 = array1[a:b:c]Here, a is the start index, b is the end index (not included in the result), and c represents the step. Of course, [::] represents the whole array.
import numpy as np
a=np.array([1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10])
# Slicing from element at index 0 to index 3 (index 4 not included)
a1=a[:4]
print(a1)
# Slicing from element at index 5 to last index (index 9)
a2=a[4:]
print(a2)
# Slicing from element at index 0 to index 9 (all elements)
a3=a[:]
print(a3)
# Slicing from element at index 4 to index 3 (No element included)
a4=a[4:4]
print(a4)
# Slicing from element at index 4 to index 4 (only element at index 4 included)
a4=a[4:5]
print(a4)
# Slicing from element at index 2 to index 5 with a step of 2
a5=a[2:6:2]
print(a5)
# Slicing from element at index 0 to index 9 with a step of 2
a6=a[::2]
print(a6)
# Slicing from element at index 7 to index 3 (index 2 not included)
a7=a[-7:-2]
print(a7)
Slicing a Two-Dimensional Array
Given below is an example of slicing a two-dimensional array. Here we create a 2-Dimensional array by filling it with zeros. Later, we use a for loop to assign values 1 to 100. As can be seen in the output, subsequent slicing operations retrieve the four quarters of the whole array.
import numpy as np
a=np.zeros([10,10])
x=1
for i in range(10):
for j in range(10):
a[i][j]=x
x=x+1
print(a)
a1=a[:5, :5]
print("First Quarter: ")
print(a1)
a1=a[:5, 5:]
print("Second Quarter: ")
print(a1)
a1=a[5:, :5]
print("Third Quarter: ")
print(a1)
a1=a[5:, 5:]
print("Fourth Quarter: ")
print(a1)Output
Display Shape of an Array
The shape attribute of a NumPy array gives the size of each dimension of the array. In other words, shape returns a tuple that contains total elements in each dimension. In order to understand the shape attribute consider the following example in which the shape of a 1-dimensional, a 2-dimensional, a 3-dimensional, and a 4-dimensional array is displayed.
Example of Shape
import numpy as np
a=np.array([1,2,3,4])
print(a.shape)
a1=np.array([[1,2],[3,4]])
print(a1.shape)
a2=np.array([[[1,2], [3,4],[5,6]]])
print(a2.shape)
a3=np.array([[[[1,2], [3, 4], [5,6]], [[2,8], [3,1],[7,5]]]])
print(a3.shape)Output
Changing the Shape Using Reshape
The Reshape function makes changes in the shape of an array. This function is particularly helpful when we want to make a higher dimensional array as a one-dimensional array or vice-versa in order to simplify computation.
Example of Reshaping
In this example, first, we convert a 2-dimensional array to a 1-dimensional array and then a 1-D array is converted to a 2-D array and a 3-D array respectively.
import numpy as np
print("Original Array: ")
a1=np.array([[1,2,3], [4,5,6]])
print(a1)
print("Reshaping to one-dimensional Array: ")
a1=a1.reshape(-1)
print(a1)
print("Original Array: ")
a1=np.array([1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9])
print(a1)
print("Reshaping to two-dimensional Array: ")
a1=a1.reshape(3,3)
print(a1)
print("Original Array: ")
a1=np.array([1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8])
print(a1)
print("Reshaping to three-dimensional Array: ")
a1=a1.reshape(2,2,-1)
print(a1)
Output
Joining Arrays
We can join arrays using NumPy using two ways. Firstly, with the help of concatenate() function. Secondly, with the help of stack(), hstack(), vstack(), and dstack() functions. Let us consider few examples as given below.
Examples of Joining Arrays
The following example shows the usage of all of the above-mentioned functions for joining arrays.
import numpy as np
a1=np.array([1,2,3])
a2=np.array([4,5])
print("Original Arrays: ")
print(a1)
print(a2)
print("After Concatenation")
a3=np.concatenate((a1,a2))
print(a3)
print("Conactenating 2D Arrays: ")
a1=np.array([[1,2], [3,4]])
a2=np.array([[7,8],[9,10]])
print("Original Arrays: ")
print(a1)
print(a2)
print("After Concatenation with axis=1")
a3=np.concatenate((a1,a2), axis=1)
print(a3)
print("After Concatenation with axis=0")
a3=np.concatenate((a1,a2))
print(a3)
print("Joining using stack() with axis=0")
a3=np.stack((a1,a2))
print(a3)
print("Joining using stack() with axis=1")
a3=np.stack((a1,a2), axis=1)
print(a3)
print("Joining using hstack()")
a3=np.hstack((a1,a2))
print(a3)
print("Joining using vstack()")
a3=np.vstack((a1,a2))
print(a3)
print("Joining using dstack()")
a3=np.dstack((a1,a2))
print(a3)
Output
Splitting Arrays
If we want to create more than one array from a single array, we can use splitting function of NumPy. In fact, NumPy contains array_split() function that splits an array and creates multiple arrays. Consider following examples of splitting arrays.
Example of Splitting Arrays
In the following example, we split a 1-D array as well as a 2-D array. Further, the 1-D array has 12 elements. Hence, when we split this array in two, then each resulting array gets 6 elements. Similarly, when we split the given array in three, then each of the three arrays gets four elements. However, if we split a 12-element array in five, then the first two arrays get three elements each, and the rest of the three arrays get two elements. each. In fact, the array_split() function evenly distributes the elements in the resulting arrays.
Now consider the splitting of a 2-D array containing four rows and three columns and split this array in three in two ways. Firstly, when we take axis=0, then the first resulting array is a 2 X 3 array, whereas, the rest of the two arrays have size 1 X 3 each. Further, when we take axis=1, then resulting three arrays are uniformly created with dimension 4 X 1 each
import numpy as np
print("Splitting 1D Array:")
a1=np.array([76, 1, -90, 22, 56, 12, -80, 43, -89, 11, 66, 22])
print("Original Array: ")
print(a1)
print("Splittin in two arrays...")
a2=np.array_split(a1, 2)
print(a2)
print("Splittin in three arrays...")
a2=np.array_split(a1, 3)
print(a2)
print("Splittin in five arrays...")
a2=np.array_split(a1, 5)
print(a2)
print("Splitting 2D Array:")
m1=np.array([[1,2,3], [4,5,6], [7,8,9], [10,11,12]])
print("Original 2D Array: ")
print(m1)
print("Splitting in 3 arrays with axis=0")
m2=np.array_split(m1, 3)
print(m2)
print("Splitting in 3 arrays with axis=1")
m2=np.array_split(m1, 3, axis=1)
print(m2)
Output
Searching and Sorting Arrays
NumPy package also contains functions that make searching and sorting simpler. Consider the following examples.
Searching Array
In this example, we use the where() function to find the elements of an array that satisfy a certain condition. In fact, we can use where() in two ways. Firstly, we can pass only the condition as a parameter and it returns the index values of elements that satisfy the given condition. Secondly, we pass two more arrays along with the condition, and the function returns the corresponding value from the first array whenever the condition is satisfied. Otherwise, a value from the second array is returned.
It must be noted that both arrays which we pass as parameters should have the same number of elements as the given array. Also, either you must pass two arrays as the parameter after the boolean condition or don’t pass any of these arrays.
Example of Searching Using where()
import numpy as np
a1=np.array([76, 1, -90, 22, 56, 12, -80, 43, -89, 11, 66, 22])
print("Original Array: ")
print(a1)
print("Enter a Number to Search: ")
n=int(input())
x=np.where(a1==n)
print(x)
print("nDisplay 1's where array element is positive or zero...")
y=np.where(a1>=0,[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0])
print(y)
print("nDisplay those index where array element is positive or zero...")
y=np.where(a1>=0)
print(y)
print("nDisplay 1's where array element is negative...")
y=np.where(a1<0,[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0])
print(y)
print("nDisplay those index where array element is negative...")
y=np.where(a1<0)
print(y)
Output
Sorting Array
The NumPy package contains a sort() function for sorting the elements of array as given in following example. Moreover, you can use array of any data-type in sorting using the sort() function.
Example of Sorting Array
import numpy as np
a1=np.array([76, 1, -90, 22, 56, 12, -80, 43, -89, 11, 66, 22])
print("Original Array: ")
print(a1)
a1=np.sort(a1)
print("Sorted Array: ")
print(a1)
Output
Filtering an Arrays
It is possible to get only certain elements from a NumPy array by filtering it on the basis of boolean values True and False. In other words, filtering operation retrieves certain elements from an existing array and creates a new array. Consider thefollowing Examples.
Example of Filtering Array
The filter operation works as follows. First, we create an array which we want to filter. Next, create another array of boolean values on the basis of a certain condition either by assigning values directly or by using a for a loop. Finally, create the output array by providing the filter-array as the index in the original array.
import numpy as np
a1=np.array([76, 1, -90, 22, 56, 12, -80, 43, -89, 11, 66, 22])
print("Original Array: ")
print(a1)
print("Filtering Positive Numbers: ")
f=[]
for i in a1:
if i>0:
f.append(True)
else:
f.append(False)
print("Array used for filtering: ")
print(f)
#Filtering...
a2=a1[f]
print("Filtered Array: ")
print(a2)
print("nFiltering Negative Numbers: ")
f=[]
for i in a1:
if i<0:
f.append(True)
else:
f.append(False)
print("Array used for filtering: ")
print(f)
#Filtering...
a2=a1[f]
print("Filtered Array: ")
print(a2)
Output
Summary
To sum up, the NumPy package is very useful in manipulating arrays. Also, it is much faster in comparison to tuples. In fact, it is an important tool in data analysis and allows us to arrange our dataset in many possible ways using functions like reshape(), where(), filtering, and slicing.
Further Reading
How to Implement Inheritance in Python
Find Prime Numbers in Given Range in Python
Running Instructions in an Interactive Interpreter in Python
Deep Learning Practice Exercise
Deep Learning Methods for Object Detection
Image Contrast Enhancement using Histogram Equalization
Transfer Learning and its Applications
Examples of OpenCV Library in Python
Understanding Blockchain Concepts
Example of Multi-layer Perceptron Classifier in Python
Measuring Performance of Classification using Confusion Matrix
Artificial Neural Network (ANN) Model using Scikit-Learn
Popular Machine Learning Algorithms for Prediction
Long Short Term Memory – An Artificial Recurrent Neural Network Architecture
Python Project Ideas for Undergraduate Students
Creating Basic Charts using Plotly
Visualizing Regression Models with lmplot() and residplot() in Seaborn
Data Visualization with Pandas
A Brief Introduction of Pandas Library in Python
A Brief Tutorial on NumPy in Python
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